Sofia Vasilyevna Kovalevskaya (Софья Васильевна Ковалевская) (January 15, 1850 – February 10, 1891) was the first major Russian female mathematician and a student of Karl Weierstrass in Berlin. In 1884 she was appointed professor at Stockholm University, the third woman in Europe to become a professor.

Sofia is the supposed topic of Thomas Pynchon's next book.