Only 24 of France's 84 universities were functioning normally, with others either partly blocked by demonstrators or closed.

But, in a sure sign that this was not a country paralyzed, the Paris Metro and bus system ran on a normal schedule. Mail and many newspapers were delivered.

"Mr. Prime Minister, who is governing France today?" asked the leader of the Socialist party bloc in the Assembly. At another point he said: "You govern no more. You hold the appearance of power, but you no longer exercise it."