] As part of an extensive, in-depth interview, a trained ] examiner rates the offender on a 20-item personality ] test. The items include glibness and superficial charm, ] grandiose self-worth, pathological lying, proneness to ] boredom and emotional vacuity. The subjects earn zero ] points if the description is not applicable, two points ] if it is highly applicable, and one if it is somewhat or ] sometimes true. ] The psychologist who devised the checklist, Dr. Robert ] Hare, a professor emeritus at the University of British ] Columbia in Vancouver, said that average total scores ] varied from below five in the general population to the ] low 20's in prison populations, to a range of 30 to 40 - ] highly psychopathic - in predatory killers. In a series ] of studies, criminologists have found that people who ] score in the high range are two to four times as likely ] as other prisoners to commit another crime when released. ] More than 90 percent of the men and a few women at the ] top of Dr. Stone's hierarchy qualify as psychopaths. ] In recent years, neuroscientists have found evidence that ] psychopathy scores reflect physical differences in brain ] function. Last April, Canadian and American researchers ] reported in a brain-imaging study that psychopaths ] processed certain abstract words - grace, future, power, ] for example - differently from nonpsychopaths. ] In addition, preliminary findings from new imaging ] research have revealed apparent oddities in the way ] psychopaths mentally process certain photographs, like ] graphic depictions of accident scenes. ] No one knows how significant these differences are, or ] whether they are a result of genetic or social factors. ] Broken homes and childhood trauma are common among brutal ] killers; so is malignant narcissism, a personality type ] characterized not only by grandiosity but by fantasies of ] unlimited power and success, a deep sense of entitlement, ] and a need for excessive admiration. ] "There is a group we call lethal predators, who are ] psychopathic, sadistic, and sane, and people have said ] this is approaching a measure of evil, and with good ] reason," Dr. Hare said. "What I would say is that there ] are some people for whom evil acts - what we would ] consider evil acts - are no big deal. And I agree with ] Michael Stone that the circumstances and context are less ] important than who they are." This is only a piece of a three page article discussing the issue of what determines if someone is evil. |