Nature is full of complex and complicated systems in any shade of color, consistency and complexity, from quasars to quarks, galaxies to snowflakes and microbes to minds.

How and why did the world become so marvelously complex?

Revolutions in evolution are possible because evolution gets stuck from time to time when a large fitness barrier is reached. Evolution waits until massive catastrophes break these barriers or single agents are able to cross them.through a tunneling process. The emergence of complexity has a price.